Treatments for anxiety include prescription drugs, counseling, meditation, and exercise. Experts recommend a combination of these modalities. Experiencing some anxiety when facing difficult decisions or life changes is normal, but when that anxiety interferes with daily life it becomes a disorder.
About 40 million American adults have an anxiety disorder, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. This makes anxiety disorders the most common mental illness in America.
Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of anxiety that go beyond worrying about everyday things like problems at work or school or dealing with life changes. People with anxiety disorders may have constant, uncontrollable fear that interferes with their lives. COPING WITH ANXIETY DURING COVID-19.
The stress of a crisis can take a toll on your mental health. Finding ways to cope with your fear and anxiety will help you and the people you care about stay strong during the coronavirus outbreak.
Learn More Anxiety may also lead to other health problems or habits that may worsen health. For example, people with anxiety may suffer from insomnia, chronic pain, or digestive issues. Smoking and vaping is also a problem for people with fear, and both of these habits lead to health problems.
People with anxiety and other mental disorders smoke at two to four times the rate of the general population, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. They are also twice as likely to have tried e-cigarettes, according to a 2014 study led by Sharon Cummins of the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine.
“In my practice, I would say probably 40-ish percent of folks actually have an anxiety issue or disorder,” said licensed mental health counselor and psychotherapist Stacy O’Mara. “Usually for [these patients], that means they are missing sleep.” Treatment is recommended “when they’re at risk of maybe losing a job, losing a partner,” she said. “I think that there's hope for everybody, and we just have to figure out how to help people feel ultimately empowered and safe.”
Stacy O’Mara, Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Psychotherapist Anxiety manifests itself in many ways, from general anxiety disorder to social anxiety disorder. The condition is highly treatable, but less than 40 percent of people who experience anxiety receive treatment, according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America.
“I think that there’s hope for everybody, and we just have to figure out how to help people feel ultimately empowered and safe and that they do have a predictable, controllable environment,” O’Mara said.
Genetic, Environmental, and Traumatic Causes
Mental health professionals aren’t sure what actually causes anxiety. But studies suggest several factors combined may contribute to the illness. These include genetics, environmental stresses, traumatic events, and underlying medical problems.
Genetics and Environment One risk factor for anxiety is genetics. Studies have shown that anxiety disorders may be inherited because they can run in families, according to Cleveland Clinic.
Environmental factors include stresses from not having basic needs met, but some of these basic needs may be out of a person’s control. “When I don’t have the basics — food, water, safety, security — I am priming myself for anxiety,” O’Mara said. “If I am working a minimum wage job and I don’t have health insurance and I have two kids, being in a constant state of worry, that is going to be a precursor.”
When the body faces severe or long-lasting stress, the brain’s chemistry can change and make an individual more susceptible to anxiety disorders. People that belong to minority groups such as those in the LGBTQ+ community face constant stress from prejudice and discrimination — a phenomenon called minority stress. LGBTQ+ individuals are 2.5 times more likely to experience anxiety and depression and turn to substance misuse, according to the American Psychiatric Association.
LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY AND ANXIETY
LGBTQ+ individuals are 2.5 times more likely to experience anxiety and other mental health problems compared to heterosexuals. Source: American Psychiatric Association
Trauma
Traumatic events such as sudden death in the family, war, violence, or having to flee a country can trigger anxiety disorders. According to a 2022 World Health Organization study, the COVID-19 pandemic increased global rates of anxiety and depression by 25 percent. “Anxiety is the result of the body’s natural ability to alert us to danger and threats outside of our control,” said Támara Hill, a licensed mental health therapist who is certified in trauma therapy.
“The body is doing its job to protect and quicken us. However, when a traumatic experience occurs, the body and the brain may respond to external stimuli (i.e., the environment) when it doesn’t need to.”
Women who have experienced sexual assault are more likely to suffer from anxiety and poor sleep than women without the history, according to a 2019 study led by Rebecca C. Thurston of the University of Pittsburgh and published in JAMA Internal Medicine. Because military veterans face trauma and extreme situations in the course of duty, many develop anxiety which often co-occurs with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For example, out of 300,000 veterans who returned from Iraq and Afghanistan, 20 percent reported symptoms of PTSD and major depression, according to a study conducted by the Rand Corporation.
Underlying Medical Problems
Medical causes of anxiety:
Autoimmune disorders (lupus, fibromyalgia, inflammatory conditions)
Food allergies
Head trauma
Heart problems
Hormones (such as thyroid problems)
Infectious diseases like Lyme disease
Medications, herbal supplements, energy drinks, and other stimulants
Neurological conditions
Poor nutrition (such as vitamin B12 deficiency)
Tumors
Source: Mayo Clinic
Medications
Some over-the-counter and prescription medications can cause anxiety as a side effect when people start or stop taking them.
Some of the most common medications are birth control pills, weight loss medications, decongestants, steroids, asthma medications, and drugs that treat Parkinson’s disease.
Abruptly stopping certain medications like Cymbalta may cause withdrawal symptoms including anxiety.
If you start or stop medication and feel anxiety symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider.
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GAD and Other Common Disorder Types Anxiety is a broad term for a variety of disorders. While excessive fear and worry are at the heart of the disorder, they may manifest and be triggered in several ways.
“Anxiety can range from OCD [obsessive compulsive disorder], separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety to agoraphobia and severe panic attacks,” said Hill. The National Alliance on Mental Illness cites generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder (PD), and phobias as the most common types. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
About 6.8 million American adults suffer from GAD. People with GAD are constantly worried about everyday life. It manifests as exhaustion, headaches, nausea, and tension. The worrying may last for hours at a time and interferes with daily tasks and life functions. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
Social Anxiety
Causes extreme fear of social interaction, and it affects 15 million American adults. Most people with this disorder become obsessed with worry about being humiliated in public. Often they are afraid they will say “something stupid” or face judgment from peers.
These fears cause them to withdraw from social situations, isolate themselves, and go out of their way to avoid group activities and conversations. They may also suffer panic attacks in response to social interaction.
Panic Disorder (PD)
Women are twice as likely to be affected by PD, and about 6 million adults in the United States have the condition. The disorder often comes on suddenly and without warning. People feel intense dread and terror, often accompanied by symptoms that mimic a heart attack — chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
People who have panic attacks will avoid situations and places that might cause another attack. Phobias, Individuals who suffer from phobias have intense fear linked to a place, event, or object. These things are triggers for panic attacks, and people affected work hard to avoid them.
Phobias typically start around age 7, and women are twice as likely as men to experience them. About 19 million people in the United States have phobias.
Common phobias:
Acrophobia: fear of heights
Aerophobia: fear of flying
Arachnophobia: fear of spiders
Astraphobia: fear of thunder and/or lightning
Claustrophobia: fear of small spaces
Cynophobia: fear of dogs
Emetophobia: fear of vomiting
Glossophobia: fear of public speaking
Ophidiophobia: fear of snakes
Trypophobia: fear of holes
Xenophobia: fear of the unknown or unfamiliar (such as foreigners)
What Does Anxiety Feel Like? Anxiety disorder symptoms are emotional and physical. Depending on the type of disorder, the physical symptoms may vary, but all types involve feelings of extreme fear. Symptoms emerge when the body’s sympathetic nervous system “acts as a gas pedal, speeding up the body’s reaction to anxiety,” Hill said. “Basically the ‘fight or flight’ system causes all the … symptoms of anxiety.”
Doctors diagnosed Rachel Brummert with GAD, PD, and post-traumatic stress disorder. “With the generalized anxiety, it’s a constant state of dread, like something bad is about to happen, only I don’t know what it is,” said Brummert. “It’s a perpetual state of worrying and a heightened sense that danger is around the corner or hypervigilance. When I have a panic attack, I get shortness of breath and chest pains, as if I’m having a heart attack. A sudden, intense, and paralyzing fear comes over me and I’ll also shake uncontrollably.”
In addition to causing feelings of dread, anxiety and panic attacks may mimic symptoms of a heart attack. In the case of SAD, symptoms occur in response to impending or forced social interaction. With PD, symptoms may occur without warning, even without anxious thoughts. People may suffer from PD in the middle of the night while they are sleeping.
“It is often best to seek treatment as soon as you recognize an increase in symptoms that begins to erode your ability to cope,” Hill advised. People can start out by consulting their primary care providers and asking for a referral to a psychiatrist or therapist.
Relief with Medication and Therapy Depending on the disorder, health providers may prescribe different types of medications to control anxiety symptoms. These typically include antidepressants and antianxiety medications.
Common Medications for Anxiety
DRUG CLASSBRAND/GENERIC NAMEBenzodiazepinesXanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram), Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil (paroxetine), Zoloft (sertraline)Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)Effexor (venlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine)Tricyclic antidepressants Elavil (amitriptyline), Tofranil (imipramine), Pamelor (nortriptyline).
Some providers may prescribe atypical antipsychotics such as Risperdal (risperidone), Zyprexa (olanzapine), or Seroquel (quetiapine) off-label for anxiety disorders. But the United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved these drugs for this use, and studies show mixed results for safety and effectiveness, according to a review by Dr. Ronald Pies published in Psychiatry.
Therapy
O’Mara recommends that people combine medications with some form of therapy, though either modality can work well on its own. “If you are having panic attacks, I think pharmaceuticals are good …. I think they should always be [used] in conjunction with therapy. It’s like getting on heart medication but not adjusting your diet or exercise,” she said.
People can get recommendations for licensed counselors or therapists from their primary care provider or through their insurance company. Some therapists specialize in particular types of disorders. “I think [medications] should always be [used] in conjunction with therapy. It's like getting on heart medication but not adjusting your diet or exercise.”
Stacy O’Mara, Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Psychotherapist The most researched psychotherapy for anxiety disorders is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This type of therapy focuses on helping people change their reactions to an event, with strategies that allow people to reduce the beliefs and behaviors that can lead to anxiety.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a type of psychotherapy that helps people heal from anxiety and PTSD. Several military veterans’ associations, including the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, use it. It works by using bilateral eye movement and talk therapy to identify traumatic memories and help the individual process them, changing the way they think about traumatic events.
Dealing with Anxiety Naturally
In addition to medications and therapy, there are several natural ways to help reduce anxiety and create a feeling of calm. These techniques may work for people who don’t want to use medications, can’t use them, or are looking for coping mechanisms to add to their medication and therapy plan.
People who want to try to control their anxiety naturally shouldn’t stop taking medications without consulting their health provider first. In some cases, stopping a medication suddenly may cause serious side effects.
Exercise and Yoga
Studies have shown regular exercise can work as well as medication to control anxiety in some people, according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. In fact, even a 10-minute walk can make a difference. Exercise helps alleviate stress and calm the mind by stimulating chemicals in the brain called endorphins. Endorphins create a feeling of calm and a positive mood, according to Harvard Health Publishing. Exercise doesn’t have to be strenuous to be beneficial. Even gentle yoga focused on meditation can help.
Certified yoga instructors like Ty Arnold can teach people how to deal with anxiety. Certified yoga and meditation instructor Ty Arnold has helped several people deal with their anxiety by teaching them to slow down. At 69, Arnold says he is proof anyone can practice yoga and benefit from it. “If someone approaches me and tells me that they have anxiety issues, I am going to lead them down a path that is far more meditative than athletic because this is someone who needs to learn how to slow down,” said Arnold.
Yoga works by reducing perceived stress and anxiety, according to Harvard Health Publishing. This leads to reduced heart rate, lower blood pressure, and easier breathing. Certified yoga instructors help make sure people practice yoga safely.
Acupuncture
“The very nature of acupuncture is calming,” said licensed acupuncture physician Samadhi Artemisa. “There are specific points on the body for calming the nervous system. We call it the Shen in Chinese medicine.”Studies involving over 400 patients found that acupuncture often improved symptoms of anxiety compared to conventional treatments, according to Evidence Based Acupuncture.
Research shows that acupuncture releases endorphins and calms the release of neurochemicals implicated in the brain’s response to stress. If you seek treatment, be sure to find a licensed, certified acupuncture physician or practitioner who has experience working with anxiety symptoms.
BREATHING TECHNIQUE FOR ANXIETY
A simple breathing technique psychotherapist Stacy O’Mara recommends is to slowly breathe in through the nose to the count of three and then exhale through the nose to the count of six. “Deep breathing increases the supply of oxygen to your brain and stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes a state of calmness,” according to The American Institute of Stress.
Breathing goes hand-in-hand with meditation. About 30 minutes of meditation each day may improve anxiety and depression, according to a review of studies by researchers at Johns Hopkins. The 5-4-3-2-1 Coping Technique for anxiety allows people to refocus their minds on the present moment and stop fixating on anxious thoughts by using their five senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell, and taste. To use this technique, start by taking a few slow, deep breaths and follow these five steps.
Five Steps of the 5-4-3-2-1 Coping Technique
Step 5. Look for and notice FIVE things you see around you. Examples: A person, place, or something, like a pen on your desk.
Step 4. Look for and notice FOUR things you can touch around you. Examples: The ground under your feet, your hair, or your clothes.
Step 3. Look for and notice THREE things you can hear. Examples: Music, people talking nearby, or birds chirping.
Step 2. Look for and notice TWO things you can smell. Examples: Your sheets, food, a pencil on your desk, or soap in your bathroom.
Step 1. Look for and notice ONE thing you can taste. Examples: Coffee, gum or a sandwich from lunch.
10 Tips on How to Deal with Anxiety There are a few things people can do when faced with anxiety. These tips involve the body, the mind, and the idea of reaching out for help.
1) Accept Things Out of Your Control Accept that there are things you cannot control. Focusing on the present instead of the unknown future is key to managing and preventing anxiety, said O’Mara. “Anxious thoughts are all about what’s going to happen next,” she said. “If I am in this moment right now, I can’t be anywhere else.”
2) Learn Your Triggers Being aware of what triggers anxiety can help you develop coping mechanisms and prevent symptoms. “I try to recognize the signs early because if I catch it early enough, I can calm it down before it gets away from me. If I don’t catch it early, it’ll spiral and I won’t be able to get myself grounded again for quite a while,” said Brummert.
3) Limit Caffeine and Alcohol Caffeine, alcohol, and other substances like energy drinks or sugary beverages can stimulate the nervous system and increase anxiety and panic attacks.
4) Eat Regularly Skipping meals can lead to low blood sugar, said Artemisa. Low blood sugar can trigger anxiety because the body produces more cortisol in response to stress. She doesn’t recommend fasting or diets that require a very low-calorie count for people prone to anxiety.
5) Get Enough Sleep Adequate sleep helps the body deal with stress. Get at least 8 hours of sleep each night. According to the National Sleep Foundation, lack of sleep can lead to anxiety disorders.
6) Move More Exercise releases endorphins and helps regulate mood. Just 10 minutes of walking a day can help manage and prevent anxiety symptoms. Getting enough exercise can also improve sleep and the body’s response to stress.
7) Get Involved in Your Community Find a way to volunteer or be active in your community. Science shows that helping others may influence levels of oxytocin in the brains of volunteers, according to a study in Hormones and Behavior by Michael J. Poulin and E. Alison Holman. Oxytocin helps the body manage stress. Helping others also allows people to focus on something other than their anxiety.
8) Seek Out Support Groups “Support groups can be great …. When we have a community around us, that is safety and security,” said O’Mara. These support groups can be found online or in person.
9) Talk to Someone Don’t be afraid to talk to friends, family, a health provider, or a licensed therapist. Since anxiety stems from fearful thoughts, suffering in silence can make anxiety worse. Getting help can empower people and make them feel less helpless. Taking action and having a plan can give people control over their symptoms.
10) Take a Moment to Slow Down Take moments throughout the day to relax and center yourself. Deep breathing or taking part in an activity you enjoy can help break the anxiety cycle. “What would be great is if we practice the deep breathing, the relaxation technique throughout the day,” said O’Mara. “Set an alarm for morning, noon, and night for five minutes.”
Take a walk, listen to music, get a massage, or practice yoga on your lunch break. Taking mini breaks will help take your mind out of stressful moments and make you more productive, too.
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Edited By Emily Miller
Medically Reviewed by Patricia Hartke, PharmD, BCPS
Published by Shikoma Montford, Founder of Leafmade Co.
